“Officer, I’m sorry I was speeding.”
“I’m sorry I was speeding, Officer.”
“I was speeding, Officer, and I’m sorry.”
Hands up if you’ve used one or more of the above. Me, me,
and me. I drive like Danica Patrick, but I’m not as pretty. And I don’t crash
as often.
Since we’re talking about commas, take a note of them in
those first three sentences. See how they separate “Officer” from the rest of the
sentence? That’s a rule for you to follow: Commas
set off words of direct address. I’m sure you’ve seen books in which the
comma is omitted before the name: “I’m sorry I was speeding Officer, and I’m
sorry.” According to UK usage, you can do that. Publishers in North America
frown on the omission, however.
I have to admit this is a pet peeve of mine, drilled into
me by Sister Lucille in second grade. I can still hear one of the less gifted
readers in that class. “See Spot run comma pause Jane period drop your voice.
Run comma pause Spot comma pause run period drop your voice.” Poor guy. But the
rest of us sure got clued in to using commas around words of address.
If you need a comma or two for setting off names, you can
shift them from their erroneous positions after conjunctions. But she wasn’t speeding. And she didn’t get
a ticket. So she got to the track on time. This rule highlights another pet
peeve of mine: Do not use commas after
conjunctions, even if the conjunction starts a sentence.
But, I hear you complain, you said to put a comma where
you would take a pause if you were reading aloud. (And what about that comma
after the first word of this paragraph? We’ll get to that.) A lot of writers use
a comma to indicate the emphasis put on a conjunction. I like to drive fast. But, I hate to get a ticket. Yes, you can
imitate spoken words this way, but that doesn’t make it correct. If you want to
emphasize the conjunction, use a dash: But—I
hate to get a ticket. Better yet, rewrite to avoid the problem altogether
by making the rest of the sentence stronger. I like to drive fast, but getting a ticket is the pits. Or Even though I like to drive fast, getting a
ticket sucks.
About that But,
I wrote in the preceding paragraph. In this instance the comma is one of two
setting off the interjection I hear you
complain. The sentence would be complete and make sense without the
interjection, right? It’s not essential to the sentence, so you need to set it off with
commas. The interjection can be an independent clause (one that could stand
alone as a complete sentence) a dependent clause (I bet you can figure that
out), or a single word or short phrase (But,
hey, you said…) Commas set off
interjections.
Wow, three rules in one week!
You’re on your way to comma mastery. For really fun discussions, see Lynne
Truss’ wonderful book Eats, Shoots &
Leaves. Really detailed but not so much fun discussions can be found in
CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style).
Next time: Comma comma comma
chameleon.